Researchers at MIT have found a new way of using mid-infrared lasers to turn regions of molecules in the open air into glowing filaments of electrically charged gas, or plasma. The new method could make it possible to carry out remote environmental monitoring to detect a wide range of chemicals with high sensitivity.

The new system makes use of a mid-infrared ultra-fast pulsed laser system to generate the filaments, whose colours can reveal the chemical fingerprints of different molecules.

The findings were published by principal investigator Kyung-Han Hong of MIT’s Research Laboratory of Electronics, and seven other researchers at MIT in Binghamton, New York and in Hamburg, Germany.

Laser-based range finding and remote sensing

Hong explains that such filaments, as generated by lasers in the near-infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, have been widely studied already because of their promise for uses such as laser-based range finding and remote sensing.

The filament phenomenon, generated by high-power lasers, serves to counter the diffraction effects that usually take place when a laser beam passes through air. When the power level reaches a certain point and the filaments are generated, they provide a kind of self-guiding channel that keeps the laser beam tightly focused.

Biochemical compounds

But it is the mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelengths, rather than the near-IR, that offer the greatest promise for detecting a wide variety of biochemical compounds and air pollutants. Researchers who have tried to generate mid-IR filaments in open air have had little success until now, however.

Only one previous research team has ever succeeded in generating mid-IR laser filaments in air, but it did so at a much slower rate of about 20 pulses per second. The new work, which uses 1,000 pulses per second, is the first to be carried out at the high rates needed for practical detection tools, Hong says.

"One key to this team’s success is the use of a high-power femtosecond laser with pulses just 30 femtoseconds, or millionths of a billionth of a second, long. The longer the wavelength, the more laser peak power is needed to generate the desired filaments, due to stronger diffraction", he says.

But the team’s femtosecond laser, coupled with what is known as a parametric amplifier, provided the necessary power for the task. This new laser system has been developed together with Franz X Kaertner in Hamburg and other group members for last several years.

At these mid-IR wavelengths, Hong says, this device produces "one of the highest peak-power levels in the world," producing 100 gigawatts (GW, or billion watts) of peak power.

It takes at least 45 GW of power to generate the filaments at these mid-infrared wavelengths, he says, so this device easily meets that requirement, and the team proved that it did indeed work as expected. That now opens up the potential for detecting a very wide range of compounds in the air, from a distance.

So far, the experiments have been confined to shorter distances inside the lab, but the team expects that there’s no reason the same system wouldn’t work, with further development, at much larger scales. "This is just a proof-of-principle demonstration," Hong says.